If you’ve ever taken a road trip through Georgia or Alabama, you’ve noticed the expansive fields of kudzu from which towering leafy figures emerge. These surreal “kudzu monsters” are fascinating to look at, but their comical appearance belies a sobering ecological reality.
The widespread domination of this invasive Asiatic vine has serious environmental consequences for the rich yet fragile biodiversity of the Southern United States.
History
Kudzu’s initial introduction into the U.S. in 1876 was intended to be an ornamental plant in Pennsylvania. A few years later, the vine was marketed widely in the Southeast as a cover plant to combat soil erosion. By the mid-1940s, an estimated 3 million acres of kudzu had been planted with the help of government subsidies.
As the South’s economy and industry shifted in the mid-20th century, however, rural farmers began moving away for jobs in more urban areas, leaving their kudzu plants behind to multiply unchecked. Spreading at a rate of about 2,500 acres per year, it wasn’t long before the plant earned the nickname “the vine that ate the South.”
By 1953, kudzu was struck from the USDA’s list of suggested cover plants, and in 1970, it was officially declared a weed.
Today, kudzu covers a staggering 7.4 million acres in the South.
Ecological Impact
So, what is it about this intriguing vine that makes it such an ecological nuisance?
Well, first and foremost, kudzu is extremely resistant to both stress and drought, and it can easily survive in soils with low amounts of nitrogen. In addition, it can grow really, really fast. Although older Southerners swear the invasive pest can grow a mile a minute, many horticulture and extension sites instead say it can grow a foot a day. These qualities make it an exceptionally competitive species, especially when pitted against the more fragile indigenous species of the region.
To maximize photosynthetic productivity, kudzu goes to great lengths (literally) to make sure its leaves have optimal exposure to the sun — even if it means smothering other plants. Because of this propensity for structural parasitism, it’s common to see a blanket of kudzu draped over trees, telephone poles, unkempt buildings, or small forests. In more extreme cases, kudzu has been known to break branches and uproot entire trees.
Kudzu came to the U.S. from the subtropical and temperate regions of China (and later Japan and Korea), but those areas don’t experience the same devastation as the Southern U.S. because the ecosystems have existing species that can compete with kudzu, like Chinese privet and Japanese honeysuckle. Because the Southeast is not naturally equipped with the same system of checks and balances, intentional methods for controlling or removing kudzu must be employed.
Controlling Kudzu
The most obvious methods include regular mowing and herbicidal use, but because those efforts have yielded little long-term success over time widespread efforts to control kudzu have increasingly turned to more biological treatments, such as bacterial blights, insects that eat the vine, and even animal grazing. With a small herd of goats or sheep, an acre of kudzu can be polished off in a single day, as the video below from the USDA explains.
Goats and sheep shouldn’t have all the fun, though! Believe it or not, there are plenty of human-friendly kudzu recipes that are surprisingly palatable. Although the vines are not edible, pretty much everything else is.
The leaves can be cooked like collard greens, eaten raw in a salad, or baked in casseroles or quiches. The flowers — bright purple and gorgeous — can be used in jams, jellies, syrups, candy, and even wine. The tuberous roots, which are filled with plenty of protein, fiber, and iron, can be ground up and used as a starch for cooking.
